General information
The components of the charging system include an alternator, a built-in voltage regulator, a charge level indicator, a battery, a protective fuse, and electrical wiring connecting the listed components. The charging system provides electrical power to the ignition system, lighting and signaling devices, radio and other consumers of electricity. The generator is driven by a belt drive from the crankshaft pulley and is mounted at the front of the engine. Additional information on the electrical connections of the components of the charging system can be found in the wiring diagrams (see chapter Onboard electrical equipment).
Electronic control unit (ECU), depending on the current values of the input parameters (engine speed, vehicle speed, coolant temperature, number of electrical consumers switched on and intake air temperature), issues a command to adjust the value of the voltage generated by the generator. The main task of the system is to minimize the load on the vehicle engine.
The task of the voltage regulator is to limit the voltage generated by the generator within the specified limits. The regulator prevents circuit overloads and other unpleasant phenomena associated with power surges.
The charging system does not require regular maintenance. However, you should periodically check the condition of the alternator drive belt, battery, wiring and its terminal connections (see chapter Current service).
The control lamp mounted in the instrument panel briefly turns on when the ignition key is turned to the ON position. Immediately after the engine is started, the lamp should go out. Failure of the lamp to turn off indicates a malfunction in the charge system. On some models, a voltmeter is additionally installed in the instrument panel, which allows the driver to track deviations of the on-board voltage from the norm during the time. If the voltmeter readings are outside the allowable range, the charge system should be checked.
The fusible link is a short piece of wire placed in insulation, mounted in the main braid of the electrical wiring of the engine compartment. The total cross section of the conductor conductor of the insert is several times smaller than that of the electrical wiring of the circuit in which it is included, which guarantees reliable protection of the latter from overload.
Precautionary measures
When splicing terminal connections of electrical circuits of vehicles equipped with an alternator, special precautions should be observed:
- a) When connecting the battery wiring to the generator, never reverse the polarity;
- b) Before using electric arc welding for body repairs, disconnect the electrical wiring from the terminals of the generator and the battery;
- c) Never start the engine with the charger connected to the battery;
- d) Always disconnect the wires from the battery before charging from an external power source (first negative);
- e) Avoid getting hands, hair, and loose clothing in contact with the rotating alternator drive belt during engine running checks;
- f) Since the generator is connected directly to the battery, its overloads and short circuits can ignite the wiring and cause a fire;
- g) Before steam cleaning the engine compartment, wrap the generator in a plastic bag, which should then be securely fastened with rubber bands.